Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Studienziele: Infektionen sind anerkannte Komplikationen der endoskopisch retrograden Cholangio-Pankreatikografie
(ERCP). Wir beschreiben epidemiologische und molekulare Untersuchungen eines durch
ERCP verursachten Ausbruchs schwerer nosokominaler Infektionen infolge Klebsiella
pneumoniae mit erweiterten Betalaktamase Spektrum (ESBL). Patienten und Methoden: Wir führten epidemiologische und molekulare Untersuchungen durch, um die Ausbruchsursache
bei Patienten, die eine ERCP erhielten zu identifizieren. Wir analysierten die Krankenakten,
Endoskopieunterlagen und mikrobiologische Daten, führten Audits durch, führten kulturelle
Untersuchungen der Duodenoskope und in der Umgebung durch sowie eine molekulare Typisierung
der bei Patienten und in der Umgebung isolierten Bakterien. Ergebnisse: Zwischen Dezember 2008 und August 2009 konnten wir 16 Patienten identifizieren, die
nach ERCP mit einem Klebsiella pneumoniae, ESBL-Stamm, Typ CTX-M-15 infiziert waren.
Positive Blutkulturen lagen in 8 Fällen, Gallenwegsinfektionen in 4 Fällen und eine
fäkale Ausscheidung in 4 Fällen vor. Die Mikroorganismen konnten nur von Patienten,
die eine ERCP erhalten hatten, isoliert werden. Umgebungsuntersuchungen konnten keine
Kontamination der Waschmaschine oder von Oberflächen in den Endoskopieräumen nachweisen.
Routineüberwachungskulturen der Endoskope waren wiederholt negativ während des Ausbruchs
aber der epidemische Bakterienstamm konnte schließlich in einem der Duodenoskope durch
Spülen und Bürsten der Kanäle isoliert werden. Die molekulare Typisierung bestätigte
die Identität der klinisch relevanten und der in der Umgebung isolierten Stämme. Praxis-Audits
in der Endoskopie zeigten, dass das manuelle Reinigen und Trocknen vor der Lagerung
insuffizient waren. Eine strikte Einhaltung der Aufbereitungsprozedur beendete den
Ausbruch. Zusammenfassung: Die für die ERCP benutzten Endoskope können als ein Reservoir für ESBL-produzierende
K. pneumoniae dienen. Regelmäßige Audits sind erforderlich, um die strenge Anwendung
der Reinigung, sorgfältigen Desinfektion und der Trocknungsstufen sicherzustellen,
um Kontaminationen zu vermeiden.
Abstract
Background and study aims: Infection is a recognized complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP). We describe the epidemiologic and molecular investigations of an outbreak
of ERCP-related severe nosocomial infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Patients and methods: We conducted epidemiologic and molecular investigations to identify the source of
the outbreak in patients undergoing ERCP. We carried out reviews of the medical and
endoscopic charts and microbiological data, practice audits, surveillance cultures
of duodenoscopes and environmental sites, and molecular typing of clinical and environmental
isolates. Results: Between December 2008 and August 2009, 16 patients were identified post-ERCP with
Klebsiella pneumoniae that produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamase type CTX-M-15.
There were 8 bloodstream infections, 4 biliary tract infections, and 4 cases of fecal
carriage. The microorganism was isolated only from patients who had undergone ERCP.
Environmental investigations found no contamination of the washer-disinfectors or
the surfaces of the endoscopy rooms. Routine surveillance cultures of endoscopes were
repeatedly negative during the outbreak but the epidemic strain was finally isolated
from one duodenoscope by flushing and brushing the channels. Molecular typing confirmed
the identity of the clinical and environmental strains. Practice audits showed that
manual cleaning and drying before storage were insufficient. Strict adherence to reprocessing
procedures ended the outbreak. Conclusions: The endoscopes used for ERCP can act as a reservoir for the emerging ESBL-producing
K. pneumoniae. Regular audits to ensure rigorous application of cleaning, high-level
disinfection, and drying steps are crucial to avoid contamination.
Schlüsselwörter
ERCP - Komplikationen - Klebsiella pneumoniae - ESBL
Key words
ERCP - complications - Klebsiella pneumoniae - ESBL
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Prof. Dr. H.-J. Schulz
Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg · Klinik für Innere Medizin I / Gastroenterologie
Fanningerstraße 32
10365 Berlin
Email: hj.schulz@sana-kl.de